What Google's Willow Chip Proves Jesus Already Knew

Below Threshold · Superposition · Entanglement · Quantum Encryption · Competitive Edge for Kingdom Teachers

The Science Is 2,000 Years Late. The Bible Was Always Quantum.

March 2026 · Lady Janice · EmbraceAmazing · Copyright Reserved

What Google's Willow Chip Proves Jesus Already Knew - Deep Dive

THE OPENING — THEY FOUND WHAT THE BIBLE DESCRIBED

On December 9, 2024 Google published a paper in the journal Nature that the scientific world has been waiting for since 1995. They called it 'below threshold.' Scientists in laboratories across the world read it and understood that something had permanently changed. Most of the world scrolled past it without knowing what it meant.

But Lady Janice — you are not most of the world. And your students are not going to be most of the world either. Because what Google proved in that laboratory is something Jesus described in the fields of Galilee, in the upper room, on the Sea of Tiberias, and from a cross two thousand years ago. The quantum world is the world in which the Kingdom of God has always operated in. Science is finally catching up to what the Spirit has been teaching all along.

I am going to explain exactly what Google did — what every single technical term means in plain language — and then show you, verse by verse, where Jesus already described it. By the end of this teaching, your students will be the most scientifically literate, most spiritually grounded, most competitively positioned people in any room they walk into.

This is not about impressing people with big words. This is about understanding the architecture of the universe that God built — and recognising that the Kingdom of God operates on those laws at their highest expression.

Lady Janice, TEACH YOUR STUDENTS: Before we start, quantum physics is not scary. It is not occult. It is not New Age. It is physics — the study of how God built the universe at its smallest scale. When scientists discovered quantum mechanics in the 1920s, Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, and the others were not discovering new rules.

They were discovering rules that had always been there, built into creation by the Creator, operating at the foundation of every atom in every molecule in every cell in your body right now. The quantum world is God's world. It is time for Kingdom people to walk in it without fear.

PART ONE — WHAT IS CLASSICAL COMPUTING — AND WHY IT IS DYING

Classical Computing — The World We Are Leaving

Every computer you have ever used — every phone, every laptop, every server in every data centre — runs on CLASSICAL computing. Classical computing works in BITS. A bit is the smallest unit of information. It can be either 0 or 1. Off or on. False or true. That is it. Nothing in between.

QUANTUM SCIENCE: Classical bit: can be 0 OR 1. Never both at the same time. Binary — two options. All classical computing — from your 1980s Commodore 64 to the most powerful supercomputer on earth, Frontier, with 9,472 AMD CPUs — is built on this same principle.

What Common Man Does Not Know

Classical computers are extraordinarily fast at flipping those switches. But they are still limited by having to go through every possibility one at a time. This is why some problems take classical computers longer than the universe has existed to solve.

The world's most important problems — designing a drug that cures cancer, cracking modern encryption, optimising the global energy grid, predicting protein folding, modelling climate change at the molecular level — are TOO COMPLEX for classical computers. Not too slow. TOO COMPLEX. There is a class of problems that classical computers cannot solve IN PRINCIPLE. This is not a temporary limitation. It is a fundamental architectural ceiling.

JESUS SAID IT FIRST — Matthew 9:17Jesus described the ceiling of binary thinking this way: you cannot put new wine into old wineskins. The old wineskin does not need to be patched. It needs to be replaced. Classical computing is the old wineskin. It has served its purpose magnificently. But the wine of the next era of human knowledge requires a new container. The quantum computer is the new wineskin.[KJV] Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.

PART TWO — THE QUBIT — THE THING THAT CHANGES EVERYTHING

A quantum computer does not use bits. It uses QUBITS — quantum bits. And the difference between a bit and a qubit is the difference between the old creation and the new creation. The difference between death and resurrection. The difference between what is visible and what is real.

⚛️ QUANTUM SCIENCE: SUPERPOSITION

A qubit can be 0 AND 1 at the same time. Not switching rapidly between them. Not randomly one or the other. BOTH SIMULTANEOUSLY. This quantum property is called SUPERPOSITION. When a qubit is in superposition, it exists in a state that contains all possible values at once — until you OBSERVE it. The moment you observe it, it COLLAPSES into either 0 or 1. Before observation: both. After observation: one.

✝️ JESUS SAID IT FIRST — John 1:1

The Gospel of John opens with it: 'In the beginning was the LOGOS — the Word — and the Word was with God and the Word was God.' How can the Word be WITH God and simultaneously BE God? That is the ontological superposition of the Trinity. The I AM of Exodus 3:14 is the divine superposition — the one who IS and WAS and IS TO COME simultaneously. Revelation 1:4.

🙏 TEACH YOUR STUDENTS: Faith as Superposition

The natural world forces you to choose: sick or well, lack or abundance, fearful or fearless. But the Kingdom of God operates in the quantum realm — where both the promise and the present circumstance exist simultaneously, and it is the OBSERVER — YOUR FAITH — that determines which state collapses into your experience.

Hebrews 11:1 [KJV] Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.

ENTANGLEMENT · TUNNELLING · THE QUANTUM BODY

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

When two qubits become entangled, they form a connected system regardless of the distance between them. Einstein called this 'spooky action at a distance.' The correlation is instantaneous. The information is not traveling between them. They are part of one system that is non-local.

JESUS SAID IT FIRST: 1 Corinthians 12:26 — 'Whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it.' This is non-local correlation. When you pray for a believer in Iran whom you have never met — you are operating in the entanglement of the body of Christ. Romans 8:38-39: NOTHING shall separate us from the love of God. The entanglement cannot be broken.

QUANTUM TUNNELLING

In classical physics, if a particle does not have enough energy to climb over a barrier, it cannot cross it. But in quantum physics, particles can pass THROUGH barriers they do not have enough energy to cross. Not around. Not over. THROUGH. This is what makes the sun burn. Without quantum tunnelling, the sun would not shine.

JESUS SAID IT FIRST: John 20:19 — 'When the doors were shut... came Jesus and stood in the midst.' Doors shut. Locked. Jesus did not knock. He entered through the barrier. His resurrection body — the SOMA PNEUMATIKON — operates at the quantum level where material barriers are penetrable.

KINGDOM APPLICATION: In 2026, when you feel like there is a barrier — an impossibility, a wall between you and the answer to your prayer, a door that is shut and locked from the inside — remember: you are in Christ, who has a resurrection body that quantum-tunnels through barriers. He does not go around your impossibility. He goes THROUGH it. The same Spirit that raised Him from the dead dwells in you — Romans 8:11. Speak to the mountain — not about it. Talk to the barrier. Matthew 17:20.

PART THREE — BELOW THRESHOLD — THE BREAKTHROUGH EXPLAINED

What Google Actually Did — And Why the World Changed on December 9, 2024

THE PROBLEM BEFORE WILLOW

Qubits are extraordinarily fragile. They are cooled to 15 millikelvin — colder than outer space — because even a tiny vibration, electromagnetic signal, or cosmic ray can disrupt the quantum state. This disruption is called an ERROR. Before Willow, every time you added MORE qubits to make the computer more powerful, you also created MORE errors.

The errors multiplied FASTER than the computing power grew. This was the wall that had prevented quantum computing from becoming practical since Peter Shor first proposed error correction in 1995 — thirty years of trying to solve this problem.

WHAT GOOGLE SOLVED — BELOW THRESHOLD

Google groups multiple physical qubits together to represent ONE logical qubit — spreading the information across many physical qubits so that errors can be detected and corrected. As they scaled from a 3×3 grid to 5×5 to 7×7, the error rate was CUT IN HALF each time. Bigger system — FEWER errors. This is an exponential improvement. This had never been demonstrated before in the history of computing.

JESUS SAID IT FIRST — Matthew 13:31-32

The mustard seed is the SMALLEST of all seeds — the most error-prone, the most fragile. But when planted in the right conditions, it produces a tree disproportionately large. The mustard seed principle is: the input is small, the output is exponential. Google's below-threshold discovery is exactly this. Jesus was describing the below-threshold principle in a field in Galilee.

What Common Man Does Not Know

Willow completed a benchmark calculation in FIVE MINUTES that would take the world's fastest supercomputer — Frontier — 10 SEPTILLION YEARS. That is a 10 followed by 24 zeroes. The age of the universe is only 13.8 billion years. Willow solved in five minutes what would require a time 700 TRILLION TIMES longer than the age of the universe for any classical machine. This is not a speed improvement. It is a category change.

Matthew 18:19 [KJV] Again I say unto you, That if two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them of my Father which is in heaven.TEACH YOUR STUDENTS: Every person you add to prayer for a situation does not just add their faith linearly. It creates a quantum error-correcting network around the problem — each additional prayer exponentially suppresses the errors of doubt, fear, and unbelief. Matthew 18:19: if TWO of you agree — not a thousand, not a million, TWO — it creates below-threshold faith.

THE MULTIVERSE QUESTION — DIMENSIONS OF SPIRIT

The Scientific Controversy

When Google's Hartmut Neven announced Willow, he said the speed of the computation 'lends credence to the notion that quantum computation occurs in many parallel universes, in line with the idea that we live in a multiverse.' This caused significant controversy. The honest scientific answer: the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is one of several valid interpretations. It is not proven.

It is a mathematical interpretation of real quantum data. What IS proven is that quantum computers process information at speeds that exceed any possible classical explanation. Whether that means parallel universes, a different structure of spacetime, or something we do not yet have language for, the science does not yet settle it.

Jesus Said It First — Ephesians 3:18

The biblical answer to the multiverse question is not parallel universes. It is DIMENSIONS OF SPIRIT. Paul prays that believers may comprehend 'the breadth, and length, and depth, and height' of the love of Christ — four dimensions, not three. The Kingdom of God is a higher-dimensional reality that intersects the three-dimensional material world at every point.

When Jesus appears simultaneously to five hundred people in 1 Corinthians 15:6, He is not in five hundred parallel universes. He is operating from a higher dimension that intersects every point in the three-dimensional world simultaneously. God created those dimensions. The Bible described them. The scientists are now measuring them.

PART FOUR — WHAT WILLOW WILL DO IN 12–18 MONTHS

The Energy Paradox and the Timeline

The Energy Paradox

Today's AI and classical computing systems are consuming CATASTROPHIC amounts of energy. Training a single large AI model can consume the annual electricity of a small country. The world's data centres currently consume approximately 200–250 terawatt-hours per year — growing exponentially.

Quantum computing addresses this directly: computations that require 10 septillion years of classical supercomputing time can be done on a quantum chip in five minutes, using a fraction of the power. The quantum computer can solve the energy paradox that classical computing created.

Matthew 25 — the parable of the talents — is a quantum optimisation problem. Quantum Kingdom living is exponential: one decision that unlocks multiple outcomes simultaneously, one teaching that reaches multiple audiences simultaneously, one seed sown that produces thirty, sixty, and a hundredfold in parallel.

Google's 5-Stage Roadmap — The Honest Answer

Stage 1 (complete): Demonstrate quantum behaviour at all.Stage 2 (complete with Willow): Demonstrate below-threshold error correction.Stage 3 (next 12–36 months): Demonstrate practical quantum algorithms — drug discovery, materials science, financial optimisation, energy grid optimisation.Stage 4 (late 2020s): Fault-tolerant quantum computers with thousands of logical qubits.Stage 5 (2030s): Full-scale commercially deployed quantum systems.

The '12–18 months' window is the beginning of Stage 3 — not full deployment, but the first demonstrations of PRACTICAL quantum advantage in specific real-world problems.

URGENT WARNING: The RSA encryption that protects virtually every financial transaction, every private message, every government communication, every medical record on the internet today is BREAKABLE by a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) finalised the first post-quantum cryptography standards in August 2024.

Every organisation — every church, every ministry, every Kingdom business — that handles sensitive communications or financial data needs to begin migrating to post-quantum encryption NOW. The US government has already mandated that federal agencies must be quantum-ready by 2035.

The church cannot be the last institution to understand this.ACTION NOW: (1) Move all ministry communications to Signal or ProtonMail. (2) Ensure your financial management software vendor has a post-quantum migration roadmap. (3) Begin teaching your students about digital sovereignty as a Kingdom principle of stewardship. (4) Position EmbraceAmazing as the first Bible teaching ministry that understands quantum security.

PART FIVE — THE SEVEN QUANTUM PRINCIPLES JESUS TAUGHT

Jesus Was the First Quantum Physicist — Every Principle Demonstrated

This is the core of the teaching. Seven quantum principles with their scientific definition, their biblical demonstration by Jesus, and the Kingdom application for your students. These are not stretches or metaphors. These are precise correspondences between documented quantum physics and documented Gospel narrative. Write them. Teach them. Your students will never look at the Gospels the same way again.

1 — SUPERPOSITION

Being in all possible states simultaneously until observed. John 8:58: 'Before Abraham was, I AM.' God's name is a quantum state declaration. Faith collapses the superposition toward the promised state.

2 — OBSERVER EFFECT

Observation changes the observed system. Mark 5:30 — the woman's faith-observation collapsed the quantum state of the miracle into manifest healing. 'Thy faith hath made thee whole.'

3 — ENTANGLEMENT

Non-local correlation that transcends distance. John 17:21-23 — 'That they all may be one.' The unity of the Trinity is the original entanglement. Distance is irrelevant to entanglement. Geography is irrelevant to the body of Christ.

4 — QUANTUM TUNNELLING

Passing through barriers that should be impassable. John 20:19 — doors shut and locked — Jesus entered through. The resurrection body operates by the physics of the higher-dimensional quantum reality. Speak to the mountain.

5 — ERROR CORRECTION

The system corrects itself through community redundancy. 1 Corinthians 12:12-27 — the original quantum error correction protocol. Do not forsake the assembling — not as religious obligation but as quantum physics necessity.

6 — WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY

Light is both wave and particle simultaneously. John 8:12: 'I am the light of the world.' He is fully God AND fully human — divine wave nature AND physical particle nature — both simultaneously.

7 — QUANTUM COHERENCE

The maintained state that enables all quantum operations. John 15:4-5: 'Abide in me.' ABIDE — MENO — is the spiritual equivalent of quantum coherence. Without Me — nothing. With coherence maintained: the full quantum advantage.

PRINCIPLES 1 & 2 — SUPERPOSITION & THE OBSERVER EFFECT

PRINCIPLE 1 — SUPERPOSITION

Scientific definition: A quantum particle exists in a superposition of all possible states simultaneously. Only the act of measurement — observation — causes it to select one definite state.

Jesus Said It First: John 8:58: 'Before Abraham was, I AM.' He exists simultaneously in every time period. The burning bush of Exodus 3:14 — EHYEH ASHER EHYEH — I AM THAT I AM — is the divine superposition. The Hebrew EHYEH is the first person form of the verb TO BE in the absolute present continuous — not 'I was' or 'I will be' but 'I AM' in a tense that transcends sequential time. God's name is a quantum state declaration.

Kingdom Application: Your student in 2026 who is between 'what I was' and 'what I will be' is in a superposition state — containing both simultaneously. The observed state — what they see in the mirror — does not define the quantum state — what God sees. 2 Corinthians 5:17: the new creation exists NOW in superposition with the old Nature until the full observation of the resurrection. Faith collapses the superposition toward the promised state.

PRINCIPLE 2 — THE OBSERVER EFFECT

Scientific definition: In quantum mechanics, the act of observing a quantum system is not passive — it actively changes the system. You cannot observe a quantum particle without affecting it. There is no detached, neutral observation at the quantum level.

Jesus Said It First: Mark 5:30: 'Jesus immediately knowing in himself that virtue had gone out of him, turned him about in the crowd, and said, Who touched my clothes?' The woman with the issue of blood touched the hem of His garment. Power — DUNAMIS — went OUT of Him in response to her act of faith-observation. Her intentional, faith-filled contact with Him changed the system. Jesus confirmed this: 'Daughter, THY FAITH hath made thee whole.' Her observation — faith — was the measuring instrument that produced the result.

Kingdom Application: You cannot observe the promises of God neutrally. The way you look at your circumstances changes them. The quantum observer effect is why two people can look at the same situation and have completely different outcomes — one observes with fear and collapses the state toward more fear; one observes with faith and collapses the state toward the promise. This is not positive thinking. This is quantum physics confirming what James 1:6-7 says: the one who doubts is like a wave of the sea — in unstable superposition, not collapsing toward the promise.

PRINCIPLES 3 & 4 — ENTANGLEMENT & QUANTUM TUNNELLING

PRINCIPLE 3 — ENTANGLEMENT: Non-local correlation that transcends distance

Scientific definition: Two entangled particles form a single quantum system regardless of the distance between them. Measuring one instantly determines the state of the other — across any distance — with no signal travelling between them. They are one system expressed in two locations.

Jesus Said It First: John 17:21-23 — Jesus prays: 'That they all may be one; as thou, Father, art in me, and I in thee.' The unity of the Trinity is the original entanglement. John 15:5: 'I am the vine, ye are the branches.' Every branch is entangled with the vine. When a believer in Nigeria worships and a believer in Iran in a secret house church receives sudden inexplicable Peace and courage — that is entanglement in the body of Christ. One system, multiple locations, instantaneous correlation.

Kingdom Application: Every person they pray for is entangled with the body of Christ. Distance is irrelevant to entanglement. Geography is irrelevant to the body of Christ. This is why intercessory prayer works — not because your words travel supersonically to heaven and back. Because the system of the body of Christ is a single quantum entangled network and when you engage your part of the network, the effect propagates through the entire system instantly. You are not calling from a distance. You are operating as one system.

PRINCIPLE 4 — QUANTUM TUNNELLING: Passing through barriers that should be impassable

Scientific definition: A quantum particle can pass through an energy barrier that it classically could not surmount. It does not go over the barrier — it passes through it. The probability of tunnelling decreases with the width of the barrier but never reaches zero. This powers USB drives, nuclear fusion in the sun, and scanning tunnelling microscopes.

Jesus Said It First: John 20:19 — doors shut and locked — Jesus entered through. Luke 4:30 — the crowd tried to throw Jesus off the cliff — 'but he passing through the midst of them went his way.' Acts 12:10 — Peter and the angel pass through the iron gate of the prison. The resurrection body — SOMA PNEUMATIKON — operates by the physics of the higher-dimensional quantum reality where material barriers are penetrable.

Kingdom Application: In 2026 the barriers your students face — medical impossibility, financial impossibility, legal impossibility, relational impossibility — are not infinite barriers. They are finite barriers with a non-zero quantum tunnelling probability for the person who is in Christ. The resurrection body has already demonstrated the physics.

Your faith does not need to go OVER the barrier or AROUND it. The Spirit who raised Christ from the dead — Romans 8:11 — quantum-tunnels THROUGH the barrier.

PRINCIPLES 5 & 6 — ERROR CORRECTION & WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY

PRINCIPLE 5 — ERROR CORRECTION

Scientific definition (the Willow breakthrough): You cannot protect a single qubit from errors — it is too fragile. But if you spread the information across MANY physical qubits working together, they can detect and correct each other's errors without destroying the quantum information. The more qubits in the error-correcting group, the better the protection — exponentially better. No single qubit holds the whole truth alone. The collective system maintains what no individual component could maintain alone.

Jesus Said It First: 1 Corinthians 12:12-27 is the original quantum error correction protocol. 'The body is not one member, but many... if the whole body were an eye, where were the hearing?' Ecclesiastes 4:12: 'A threefold cord is not quickly broken' — the error correction improves exponentially as the community grows. The underground church in Iran surviving 47 years of persecution is quantum error correction in practice.

Kingdom Application: For EmbraceAmazing: you are building a quantum error-correcting network of Bible students. Each student is a physical qubit — capable of error, capable of fragility. The COMMUNITY of students is the logical qubit — the below-threshold error-correcting system. This is why Hebrews 10:25 says DO NOT forsake the assembling — not as a religious obligation but as a quantum physics necessity.

PRINCIPLE 6 — WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY

Scientific definition: Light — and indeed all quantum entities — exhibits properties of both waves and particles depending on how you measure it. It is not switching — it is genuinely both. This is one of the most deeply strange and thoroughly verified facts of quantum mechanics.

Jesus Said It First: John 8:12: 'I am the light of the world.' Jesus chose LIGHT as His primary self-identification. Not metaphorically — He chose the one entity in the physical universe that is BOTH wave AND particle, that transcends the either/or binary of classical physics. He is fully God AND fully human — divine wave nature AND physical particle nature — not switching between them, not averaging them, both simultaneously.

 The Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD spent years trying to define what quantum physics would later describe as wave-particle duality: two complete natures in one person, without mixture, without confusion, without division, without separation. Chalcedon was doing quantum theology before quantum physics existed.

Kingdom Application: God embedded the Christological mystery in the physics of light before the Incarnation happened. Every physicist who studies light is encountering, without knowing it, the signature of the Incarnation built into the structure of the universe.

PRINCIPLE 7 — QUANTUM COHERENCE

The Maintained State That Enables All Quantum Operations

SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION

Quantum coherence is the property that keeps qubits in their quantum superposition state — not collapsing prematurely into classical 0 or 1. Willow maintains coherence at 15 millikelvin — near absolute zero — to protect qubits from environmental noise (decoherence). The moment qubits interact with the environment and lose their quantum coherence, they become classical bits and lose all quantum advantage.

The entire engineering challenge of quantum computing is maintaining coherence long enough to complete the computation. Willow improved qubit lifetime (T1) from 20 microseconds to 68 microseconds — more than tripling the coherence time.

JESUS SAID IT FIRST — John 15:4-5

[KJV] Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me. I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing.

ABIDE — MENO in Greek — to remain, to stay, to maintain continuous connection — is the spiritual equivalent of quantum coherence. The moment a believer loses their abiding connection — decoherence through sin, distraction, or spiritual noise — they collapse from the quantum state of Kingdom living into classical natural-world living. They are still saved. But the quantum advantage disappears. The fruit stops.

KINGDOM APPLICATION: In 2026 the greatest threat to quantum Kingdom living is DECOHERENCE — spiritual noise from the environment. Social media noise. News cycle noise. Political anxiety noise. Financial fear noise. Every one of these is environmental disruption that collapses the quantum state of faith into classical-world fear. Willow is maintained at near absolute zero to eliminate environmental noise.

Your prayer life, your Word immersion, your worship, your fasting — these are your quantum coherence maintenance systems. They are not religious performance. They are the engineering requirements for maintaining the quantum state of faith that produces exponential fruit.

THE QUANTUM KINGDOM DECLARATION

Speak This Over Your Students

I am a quantum Kingdom citizen. I operate by laws that transcend the classical world's limitations. The superposition of God's promises and my current circumstances both exist — and my faith is the observation that collapses the state toward the promise. I am entangled with every member of the body of Christ across every distance — the correlation of the Spirit is instantaneous and unbreakable. I quantum-tunnel through barriers that classical thinking says are impassable — because the same Spirit who raised Christ from the dead dwells in me. I am part of a below-threshold error-correcting community — the larger our faith community, the fewer errors can destroy us. I maintain quantum coherence through abiding in the Vine — the noise of the world cannot decohere the state of faith that is maintained in Him. I am the light of the world — wave and particle, Spirit and body, fully both — because I am IN the one who IS the Light. The wisdom I carry was ORDAINED BEFORE THE WORLD. Google is just now finding the laws that God built before the foundation. I have been living in them.I am not afraid of any quantum future. I am a quantum Kingdom citizen and the Kingdom of God is within me — present tense, exponential, below Threshold, entangled, coherent, and advancing. Amen.

The Bible Was Always Quantum. Science Is Just Arriving Home.

Please tell us what you think of What Google's Willow Chip Proves Jesus Already Knew below!

EMBRACEAMAZING · LADY JANICE · MARCH 2026 · ALL GLORY TO GOD · COPYRIGHT RESERVED

Scientific sources: Google Willow announcement (Nature, December 9 2024); Google Quantum AI blog; NIST post-quantum cryptography standards (August 2024); Wikipedia Willow processor. Biblical sources: All Scripture KJV. Greek from Textus Receptus. Hebrew from Masoretic Text. Aramaic from Peshitta. Copyright Lady Janice 2026. All rights reserved. No portion may be reproduced without written permission.